What does the term 'effect' refer to when discussing literature?

In the context of literature, the term 'effect' refers to a change that results from an action, specifically concerning how a piece of writing impacts the reader or conveys meaning. When authors craft their narratives, they do so with the intention of eliciting certain responses or emotions from the audience. The 'effect' encompasses the emotional and intellectual response provoked by the text, which can lead to a shift in the reader's understanding, feelings, or perceptions.

For example, a powerful moment in a story might create a sense of sadness or joy, illustrating how a specific action or event within the narrative influences the reader's experience. This understanding underscores the importance of literary techniques like imagery, symbolism, or dialogue, all aiming to create distinct effects on the audience.

The other options address aspects of communication or emotional states but do not capture the broader concept of 'effect' in literature as it relates to change and response. They point to specific scenarios rather than the general notion of how literary actions influence reader engagement.